{"id":13811,"date":"2024-09-18T12:06:23","date_gmt":"2024-09-18T10:06:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/history-of-the-alps\/"},"modified":"2026-05-26T20:53:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T18:53:51","slug":"history-of-the-alps","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/history-of-the-alps\/","title":{"rendered":"History of the Alps"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\tCHAPTER III<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Human History of the Alps<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Alps, from human origins to the present day.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Introduction: The upper world<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A mountainous arc spanning 8 countries and more than 1,200km, the Alps are renowned for the wildness and beauty of their landscapes – but also for the resilience of their people, who have stood the test of time by demonstrating great adaptability to hostile conditions and historical change.<\/p>

But what is the real human history of the Alps? At what pace, and according to what will, have human populations settled and developed in this very special area? <\/p>

Sedentarisation, adaptations to climatic conditions, cultural exchanges, etc. – this article explores the history of the Alps, to help us understand the social changes in this complex region.<\/p>

Discovering “the world above”\u00b9<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1: The word \u201cAlps\u201d etymologically refers to two concepts: whiteness and height. According to some interpretations, it could mean \u201cthe world above\u201d or \u201cthe luminous world\u201d – lending this territory a spiritual, almost mystical dimension.Derived from a Celtic root (albos)<\/i>, Alpes would mean \u201cthe luminous world, the world above\u201d. Derived from a Latin root(Albus<\/em>, from Greek \u03b1\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd) or from Indo-European (albho) –<\/i> Alpes would mean \u201cwhite\u201d. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Introductory image: Alpine Landscape with a Deep Valley, from “The Large Landscapes”. Engraving. – ca. 1555-56 – Johannes van Doetecum I, Lucas van Doetecum – MET Museum (copyright). <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Prehistory of the Alps: Paleolithic, Mesolithic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Early alpine explorations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Around 20,000 years ago, as a result of interglacial climate warming, the Alpine valleys, which until then had been covered in ice, gradually opened up.\u00b9.<\/p>

Nomadic populations hunting in the surrounding steppe plains then made incursions into the Alpine valleys\u00b2. <\/p>

Favored by a change in vegetation cover and fauna, human settlement was easier and we witnessed a gradual conquest of Alpine territories (12000 BC – 5000 BC).<\/p>

Seasonal sites (camps, hunting halts, observation points) then emerged. The impact of these nomadic hunter-gatherer communities on the Alpine environment was relatively limited. <\/p>

The first stable hamlets gradually grew out of these seasonal Mesolithic encampments. Adaptation to the terrain – alternating stays in the valleys with occupations at altitude – became a major feature of Alpine life from this period onwards. <\/p>

It wasn’t until the Early Neolithic period that the first agricultural societies settled in the Alpine valleys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opposite: Peasant communities crossing an Alpine pass (Col Collon, alt. 3070m). This reconstruction of a Neolithic migration (5000 B.C.) across an Alpine pass allows us to imagine the relationship between societies and migration, domestication and trade.
“Des Alpes au L\u00e9man, Images de la pr\u00e9histoire”, Alain Gallay. Infolios \u00e9ditions,2008 (2nd edition). Illustration: Andr\u00e9 Houot. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1: Evidence of human presence in the Alps during periods of warming: interglacial period Riss-W\u00fcrm (around 100,000 BC); Middle Palaeolithic (around 40,000 BC). But these were only temporary settlements, particularly for hunters, who seemed to confine themselves to high altitude camps in caves. From the Upper Palaeolithic\/Mesolithic (16,000-12,000 BC) onwards, nomadic hunter\/gatherer communities began to establish themselves on a seasonal\/semi-permanent basis. It was not until the Neolithic period (around 5000 BC) that the first \u2018peasant\u2019 societies became sedentary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1 : Pierre Bintz et al, “La n\u00e9olithisation des Alpes”, Revue de G\u00e9ographie Alpine<\/em>, 2011 : https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/rga\/1580<\/a><\/p>

2: A. Gallay (ed.), Des Alpes au L\u00e9man<\/em>, Infolio, 2008: https:\/\/www.infolio.ch\/livre\/des-alpes-au-leman\/<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps : Neolithic, Metal Age<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sedentaration & Exchanges<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Between 5500 and 2500 B.C., the Alps changed from a hunting territory to one organized according to a seasonal logic, already adapted to the constraints of the terrain.<\/strong><\/p>

At the beginning of the Neolithic (c. 5500 BC), the first farming communities settled in the low and mid-altitude Alpine valleys. They created suitable sites in strategic locations (river alluvial fans, hilltops, terraces), adapted to economic activities (sheepfolds, extraction of raw materials) and symbolic practices (necropolises, rock painting and engraving, etc.). <\/p>

These village communities grow cereals (grain, small spelt, barley) and domesticate animals (goats, sheep) – alongside predatory activities (hunting, fishing, gathering).<\/p>

The Bronze Age (c. 2200-800 BC) ushered in a new era in the history of the Alps. As metallurgy gradually developed, so did the production of bronze tools, weapons and jewelry. This period saw an intensification of commercial exchanges, transforming Alpine societies towards greater complexity and social stratification.These exchanges, attested even in the high valleys, heralded the birth of the first Alpine economic network, linking the mining areas of the Tyrol to the plains of the Po and Rh\u00f4ne rivers (3)(4). <\/p>

During the Iron Age (circa 800-100 BC), the Celts arrived in the Alps, introducing iron for more efficient tools and weapons. They established strategic fortified centers (political and economic) on the heights, and developed a network of trade routes.
Celtic peoples adapted Bronze Age structures to military and commercial requirements: oppida controlled passes and roads, and iron workshops appeared in valley bottoms (5)(6).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opposite: Reproduction of\u00d6tzi<\/a>‘s outfit, attesting to the quality of Neolithic outfits.Goatskin patchwork tunic. Bearskin cap with drawstring. Shoes with leather sole and upper tongue. Inner slipper in twisted grass netting. Adjustable cape in alpine grass stems.
“Des Alpes au L\u00e9man, Images de la pr\u00e9histoire”, Alain Gallay. Infolios \u00e9ditions,2008 (2nd edition). Illustration: Andr\u00e9 Houot. <\/div>
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3: P. Della Casa, The Copper Age in the Alps<\/em>, 2010 : https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01565385\/document<\/a><\/p>

4: K. Walsh, “A Historical Ecology of the \u00c9crins”, Quaternary International<\/em>, 2014: https: \/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1040618213006824<\/a><\/p>

5: Z. Laffranchi et al, “‘Celts’ up and down the Alps…”, Scientific Reports<\/em>, 2022: https: \/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9544713\/<\/a><\/p>

6: F. Gilck, “The Origin of Alpine Farming”, The Holocene<\/em>, 2019: https: \/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0959683619854511<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps: Roman era<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Conquest & Acculturation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In ancient times, the Roman Empire turned the Alps into a strategic zone: an area of passage, control and circulation between Italy and Gaul. The military campaigns of the 1st century BC led to complete political integration. The passes became imperial roads, maintained and guarded; the valleys were home to garrisons and road stations that dotted the transport network.<\/p>

This new order introduced unprecedented infrastructures: paved roads, bridges, milestones, thermal baths and temples. The mountains, once seen as a fringe area, became the focus of development and management. The Roman administration established civitates<\/em>, collected taxes, surveyed land and introduced Latin as the language of power and exchange.

Rome introduced an economy of flows: timber, livestock, salt and ore. The valleys became both logistical and cultural arteries. <\/p>

This Romanization transformed material life: stone masonry, mosaics, public baths, fine ceramics, imported foodstuffs (oil, wine, garum). But change remained uneven: in rural areas, agropastoral practices and local rituals were maintained. Roman culture did not impose itself brutally; it adjusted, mingled and acclimatized. <\/p>

The settlements reflect this dual affiliation: places of administration and imperial worship, but also markets and sanctuaries of ancient Celtic divinities. Roman urbanity was combined with an Alpine rurality that remained autonomous. This intermingling produced a lasting model: that of a territory capable of integrating outside influences while retaining a strong local organization. It was on this basis that medieval community structures would develop centuries later. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1: The Roman conquest of the Alps took place in 2 campaigns, relatively far apart: (125-121 BC 25 BC).<\/p>

Opposite: “Roman town built at the foot of the Dauphin\u00e9 Alps some time after the conquest of Gaul. – Oil on canvas – 1870 – Octave Penguilly L’Haridon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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7: R. Chevallier, Les Voies romaines<\/em>, Picard, 1997 : https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/efr\/6937<\/p>

8: M. Provost, “Les Alpes gauloises et la romanisation”, BSAF<\/em>, 2002: https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/bsnaf_0081-1181_2002_num_2002_1_6366<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps : The Middle Ages<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Regionalisation & Replacement<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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After the fall of the Roman Empire (IV\u1d49-V\u1d49 centuries), dioceses and monasteries became the main centers of political and spiritual organization in the Alps. They set the framework for parishes, introduced written Latin and disseminated a new rural economy: collective cultivation of land, joint management of water and pastures.Between the XI\u1d49 and XIII\u1d49 centuries, the true “birth of the Alpine village” took place: settlements stabilized between 1000 and 2000 meters above sea level, and the territory was structured into two levels – the plane<\/em> (villages and cultivated land) and the mountains<\/em> (forests and alpine pastures). Communities, often the result of local initiatives, organized themselves into universitates<\/em>, assemblies of inhabitants capable of levying taxes, negotiating with lords and regulating the use of the commons. <\/p>

This organization made it possible to develop demanding high-altitude agriculture: rye and barley cultivation up to 2100 meters, mixed livestock farming, cheese-making, wood and coal mining. The natural constraints imposed adapted techniques – terraces, gravity irrigation, late harvests, drying grain on the galleries of houses.The mountains also became a political space: in certain valleys of the Valais, Grisons or Dauphin\u00e9, confederations of inhabitants united in the XIV\u1d49 and XV\u1d49 centuries to defend their rights against the princes. These village institutions, structured around assemblies and collective oaths, prefigured later forms of communal autonomy. <\/p>

In economic terms, the period saw a gradual shift from sheep to cattle rearing, the spread of local metallurgy and the rise of transalpine trade: salt, wool, leather, cheese and wood crossed the Mont-Cenis, Saint-Gothard and Petit-Saint-Bernard passes.The Alpine Middle Ages were therefore neither an age of isolation nor a time of misery: on the contrary, they marked the establishment of a community model, based on solidarity, ecological balance and gradual integration into the European economy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1 : Nicolas Carrier and Fabrice Mouthon(Paysans des Alpes<\/em>, PUR, 2010).<\/p>

Opposite: October from a set of Medallion Months (Detail). Tapestry (Wool & Silk). ca. 1525-28. <\/p>

This tapestry explores the cyclical nature of time. Embodying the month of October, peasants sow the fields in an autumnal landscape. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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9 N. Carrier & F. Mouthon, Paysans des Alpes<\/em>, PUR, 2010 : https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pur\/14160<\/p>

10 The domesticated Alps<\/em> – L’Alpe<\/em> n\u00b0 100 : https:\/\/www.lalpes.com\/produit\/alpes-100-alpins-7000-ans-histoires\/<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps: XVI\u1d49 - XVII\u1d49 centuries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Opening and Transformation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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From the XVI\u1d49 century onwards, the mountains became more involved in European trade. Roads stabilized, passes became passable for several months of the year, and markets multiplied. The Alps were no longer simply areas of passage: they played a part in the economy of neighboring towns.
Peasant traders sold wood, iron and dairy products, while rural crafts developed: spinning, weaving, tools and forging. This hybrid system – both farming and manufacturing – provided additional income and kept the population in the area. <\/p>

Collective resource management remains at the heart of local life. Communities regulate the use of water, forests and pastures, set cutting and grazing schedules, and settle disputes at village level. These practices, some of which are centuries old, help to reconcile exploitation and preservation.
At the same time, administration is being strengthened: land registries, parish reforms, taxes, troop recruitment. As the State penetrated the mountains, it introduced new forms of organization. The Alps became territories that were thought out, governed and measured. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opposite: “Carte et description g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Dauphin\u00e9 avec les confins des pais et provinces voisines, le tout racourcy et r\u00e9duitict”. 1654. Jean de Beins.<\/p>

This map testifies to the first systematic cartographic work carried out in the Alpine region, notably to enable King Henri IV to better understand his kingdom.Jean de Beins’ maps are remarkable for their detail and coverage of the Alpine region – particularly the Dauphin\u00e9. Today, they serve as a historical record – helping us to understand religious buildings, communes and other elements of Alpine heritage. <\/p>

In the detail opposite, the polarity is reversed (the south is at the top of the map). The current boundary between Is\u00e8re and Hautes-Alpes can be seen, with the communes of Serres, Orpi\u00e8res and the Col de Lus-La-Croix-Haute. <\/p><\/div>

<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1: Jon Mathieu, History of the Alps 1500-1900<\/em> \/ The Alps. An Environmental History <\/em>A synthesis of the relationship between environments, economies and societies in the modern era. OpenEdition Journals<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>
2: Anne-Lise Head-K\u00f6nig, “Common land and collective property in pre-Alpine and Alpine regions”, role of commons and peasant households in the open economy (XVI\u1d49-XVIII\u1d49). journals.univie.ac.at<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span>
3: Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, “Proto-industrialization in Europe”, definition and chronology of proto-industrialization (XVI\u1d49-XVIII\u1d49). Sheilagh Ogilvie<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps: XVIII\u1d49 - XIX\u1d49 centuries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Rural prosperity and decline<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In the XVIII\u1d49 century, Alpine rural life reached a form of equilibrium. The slopes are cultivated to the limit, villages prosper and the population grows. The valleys combine agriculture, livestock breeding and domestic crafts. The economy is based on complementarity: wheat, rye, hay, summer herds and precise use of the forest. Mutual aid and community regulation ensure a certain stability. <\/p>

But this balance remained fragile. Long winters, occasional famines and then competition from the plains all undermined it. In the XIX\u1d49 century, the rural exodus accelerated. Young people left the mountains for the industrial cities. Agriculture declined, marginal crops were abandoned and forests reclaimed the slopes. (4)(5)(6)
The public authorities attempted to control this movement: the first laws on mountain land restoration (1860-1882) organized reforestation and erosion control. These policies not only stabilized the soil, but also transformed the landscape over the long term: thousands of hectares were converted from agricultural to forestry status. The mountains were moving towards a service and energy economy, less rural and more technical. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps: XX\u1d49 century<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Modernization and infrastructure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The XX\u1d49 century marks a brutal turning point. Hydroelectricity, dams and transport routes turned Alpine geography upside down. Valleys became energy corridors, linking factories, resorts and towns. Thermal spas and the beginnings of skiing transformed the relationship with the land: the mountains were discovered as spaces for leisure as well as production. <\/p>

This rapid modernization is creating contrasts: the decline of pastoralism, the disappearance of certain hamlets, demographic concentration in valley bottoms. Infrastructure brings comfort and mobility, but weakens local cohesion. At the same time, environmental policies are multiplying: parks, reserves, forestry regulations. Mountains are no longer simply developed; they are now managed. (7)(8)<\/p>

The Alps were entering the era of industrial modernity: power grids, tourism, roads and tunnels redefined the landscape. This new technical order brought short-term prosperity, but raised questions about the sustainability of economic models and the future of high-altitude communities. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Opposite: Massif de la Grande Chartreuse – Saint-Pierre-d’Entremont, “Sur la route du Pas du Frou” (LL edition, early XX\u1d49 century). <\/em>Maison Douillet collection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps: 21st century<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Contemporary recomposition<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Over the past forty years, the Alps have undergone a profound transformation. The rural exodus has slowed, localities are being repopulated, local agriculture is being reinvented – and the new inhabitants are reintroducing a local economy and a more localized way of life. (9)(10)(11)<\/p>

Regional policies are following this trend: regional nature parks and European programs are promoting projects based on energy efficiency, forest management and landscape enhancement. But this redefinition does not erase fragilities: access to housing, dependence on tourism and demographic ageing remain major challenges.
The contemporary mountain is therefore not a protected setting, but a space for social and ecological experimentation. Here, we seek a balance between memory and innovation, between rural heritage and urban modernity. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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History of the Alps : Adaptation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The history of the Alps, seen through the prism of its people, is an example of resilience, adaptation and innovation.<\/p>

From prehistory to the present day, human populations have adapted to an austere environment, to major historical changes, to trade and conquest – to build mixed, evolving, sustainable societies.<\/p>

This human story offers a valuable lesson in the adaptability of our societies. At a time of societal change, this human story seems to offer pertinent answers: favoring exchange, sharing, adaptation – in search of harmony and longevity. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDiscover the Alps: A tribute to the Alps<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Sources <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t
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Prehistory and Neolithic<\/strong><\/p>

  1. Pierre Bintz et al, “La n\u00e9olithisation des Alpes”, Revue de G\u00e9ographie Alpine<\/em>, 2011
    https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/rga\/1580<\/a><\/p><\/li>

  2. Alain Gallay (ed.), From the Alps to Lake Geneva. Images of prehistory and alpine settlement <\/em>Infolio Editions, 2008 (2\u1d49 ed.)
    https:\/\/www.infolio.ch\/livre\/des-alpes-au-leman\/<\/a><\/p><\/li>

  3. Philippe Della Casa, The Copper Age in the Alps<\/em>, 2010
    https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01565385\/document<\/a><\/p><\/li>

  4. F. Gilck, “The Origin of Alpine Farming: A Review of Archaeological, Palaeoecological and Historical Studies,” The Holocene<\/em>, 2019
    https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0959683619854511<\/a><\/p><\/li>

  5. Z. Laffranchi et al, “‘Celts’ Up and Down the Alps: Insights on Mobility Patterns and Social Dynamics in Iron Age Communities”, Scientific Reports<\/em>, 2022
    https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC9544713\/<\/a><\/p><\/li>

  6. K. Walsh, “A Historical Ecology of the \u00c9crins (Southern French Alps)”, Quaternary International<\/em>, 2014
    https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1040618213006824<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    Antiquity and Romanization<\/strong><\/p>

    1. Raymond Chevallier, Les Voies romaines<\/em>, Picard, 1997
      https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/efr\/6937<\/a><\/p><\/li>

    2. Michel Provost, “Les Alpes gauloises et la romanisation”, Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nationale des Antiquaires de France<\/em>, 2002
      https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/bsnaf_0081-1181_2002_num_2002_1_6366<\/a><\/p><\/li>

    3. Laurent Guyon, “La conqu\u00eate des Alpes par Rome”, Gallia<\/em>, CNRS \u00c9ditions, 1999
      https:\/\/www.persee.fr\/doc\/galia_0016-4119_1999_num_56_1_3135<\/a><\/p><\/li>

    4. Michel Provost & Herv\u00e9 Leveau, “Habiter dans les Alpes: la romanisation des r\u00e9gions de moyenne et de haute montagne au filtre de l’habitat”, Preistoria Alpina<\/em>, 2007
      https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/1227537\/Habiter_dans_les_Alpes_la_romanisation_des_r%C3%A9gions_de_moyenne_et_de_haute_montagne_au_filtre_de_lhabitat<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      Middle Ages<\/strong><\/p>

      1. Nicolas Carrier & Fabrice Mouthon, Paysans des Alpes : Les communaut\u00e9s montagnardes au Moyen \u00c2ge<\/em>, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2010
        https:\/\/books.openedition.org\/pur\/14160<\/a><\/p><\/li>

      2. Fabrice Mouthon, “Les chartreuses et la structuration du territoire alpin m\u00e9di\u00e9val”, Revue de G\u00e9ographie Alpine<\/em>, 2008
        https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/rga\/10736<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        Modern and contemporary<\/strong><\/p>

        1. Jon Mathieu, History of the Alps 1500-1900: Environment, Development and Society<\/em>, West Virginia University Press, 2011
          https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/book\/18117<\/a><\/p><\/li>

        2. Anne-Lise Head-K\u00f6nig, “Common Land and Collective Property in Pre-Alpine and Alpine Regions”, Rural History<\/em>, 2011
          https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0956793310000184<\/a><\/p><\/li>

        3. Franco Carrer, “Ecology, Economy, and Upland Landscapes: Socio-Ecological Dynamics in the Alps during the Transition to Modernity”,<\/a> Human Ecology<\/em>, 2020<\/p><\/li>

        4. Werner B\u00e4tzing, Matthias Perlik & Martin Dekleva, “Urbanization and Depopulation in the Alps”,<\/a> Mountain Research & Development<\/em>, 1996<\/p><\/li>

        5. Michael Perlik, “Less Regional Rhetoric, More Diversity: Urbanised Alps in Transition”,<\/a> Revue de G\u00e9ographie Alpine<\/em>, 2018<\/p><\/li>

        6. Anne-Marie Granet-Abisset, “Alpine Memory and European Construction”,<\/a> Revue de G\u00e9ographie Alpine<\/em>, 2004<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

          Cross-disciplinary works and summaries<\/strong><\/p>

          1. L’Alpe 100 – 7,000 ans d’histoires<\/a>,<\/em> Gl\u00e9nat \/ Mus\u00e9e dauphinois, 2023<\/p><\/li>

          2. Prehistory of the Alps: scientific issues, methods and research prospects<\/em><\/a>Le Globe<\/em>, 2009<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            CHAPTER III The Human History of the Alps The Alps, from human origins to the present day. Introduction: The upper world A mountainous arc spanning 8 countries and more than 1,200km, the Alps are renowned for the wildness and beauty of their landscapes – but also for the resilience of their people, who have stood […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":12914,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13811","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13811","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13811"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13811\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21463,"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13811\/revisions\/21463"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.douillet.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13811"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}